Central venous and
pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) are invasive tools that have traditionally
been used for hemodynamic monitoring in patients who present with shock.
However, these tools have drawbacks and inaccuracies. Thus, several, less
invasive, novel technologies are available or being investigated for use to
assess parameters such as cardiac output, intravascular volume status,
responsiveness to intravenous fluid administration, and tissue perfusion. They
can potentially be used in the emergency department, intensive care unit, and
operating room when caring for patients with shock or hypovolemia.
摘要檔案: 2025.09.04 陳佳文.pdf